the fall of the rebel angels symbolism

Ring the bells etc. The rebel angels had, according to John's Revelation, joined a dragon. In this apocalyptic vision of a tumultuous world facing destruction, though armies of men are massing, its the women who are sending the devils packing. Last edited on 25 November 2022, at 13:40, The Fall of the Rebel Angels (disambiguation), "Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Fall of the Rebel Angels: Art, Knowledge and Politics on the Eve of the Dutch Revolt", "BTS () ' (Blood Sweat & Tears)' Official MV", "Supreme Undercover Fall of the Rebel Angels", The Fall of the Rebel Angels by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, The Fall of the Rebel Angels Online Exhibition, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fall_of_the_Rebel_Angels&oldid=1123753059. Down the centuries, the stories of Lucifer and the Apocalyptic monster have become merged.This iconographic ambiguity is not a coincidence as, by referring to these two stories, Bruegel shows the omnipresence of the fight between Good and Evil, and one of its essential components, Pride.In this painting, Bruegel brings together time and space in one all-encompassing image. [3] These figures are good angels who are assisting in the fight against the rebellious angels. Various insects (including rectal and dorsal views of a papilio machaon) (1550/1605) by AnonymousRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. Tangible links to the New World abound in Bruegel's work.Explorations of the American continent became ever more prevalent throughout the 16th century, and the fauna, flora and indigenous people of the New Continent became the subject of detailed observations, recorded and brought back by the first explorers. Could he be singing this to me? Each period of human history has generated its own terrors: for Bruegel, the Triumph of Death is a visual representation of the bloodshed and atrocities unleashed in his time as the forces of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation battled for supremacy: the battalions of the dead carry the sign of the Cross, while the great door of the extermination chamber is also inscribed with the Christian symbol. Oil on canvas, 419 x 283 cm. And then comes another, still more wonderful, clinching line Thats how the light gets in. Savour that! One of the pillars of art history, alongside Leonardo Da Vinci, Diego Velazquez, Peter Paul Rubens, Caspar David Friedrich, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso, and many others. The work was then attributed to Hieronymus Bosch (1450-1516) until 1898 when the date and signature . [4], On the far left part of the triptych, Bosch has his version of the fallen rebel angels falling from the sky. We face our killer alone, or in families, or in towns or cities or tribes or countries. Detail, bee on daemon/rebellious angel's buttocks. [4] Their techniques were so similar that in many cases, it was hard to differentiate who painted a piece. Thus the painting was finally attributed to its legitimate creator, Bruegel the Elder. The Fall of the Rebel Angels is an oil-on-panel painting of 1562 by the Netherlandish Renaissance artist, Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Falling to Hell, the rebel angels are transformed into devils and demons. The Fall of Rebel Angels depicts Lucifer along with the other fallen angels that have been banished from heaven. And the great dragon was cast out, that old serpent, called the Devil, and Satan, which deceiveth the whole world: he was cast out into the earth, and his angels were cast out with him.(Apocalypse 12:7). Leonard Cohen once explained the meaning of the song as follows: That is the background of the whole record, I mean if you have to come up with a philosophical ground, that is Ring the bells that still can ring. Its no excuse the dismal situation.. and the future is no excuse for an abdication of your own personal responsibilities towards yourself and your job and your love. [5] The conflict of good and evil as well as vice and virtue are constant recurring themes throughout Bruegel's work. The insurgents fall from the light upper-half of the painting, depicting heaven, down into the dark depths of hell, represented by the lower section. On the bottom right, there sits a bee. In the foreground is the figure of Death riding a skeletal horse, trampling over bodies and wielding a huge scythe. While the armies of the dead bear the holy cross aloft, Bruegel suggests there will be no salvation of the soul. Together with 'Dulle Griet' and 'The Triumph of Death', which have similar dimensions, it was probably painted for the same collector and destined to become part of a series. Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights triptych portrays hybrid creatures and explored the idea of vices and virtues as well as good vs evil. I remember reading an essay by the novelist Mario Vargas Llosa in which he argues for the necessity of vulgarity in serious literature. Sometimes Death will pick by the planeload. Metropolitan Museum of Art, and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen. Wikipedia has a useful entry that details the over 100 proverbs referenced in the painting. Death is inevitable and unsparing of high or low, a lesson that medieval and Renaissance artists reiterated. 19th. The Composition Using a popular . The righteous and the corrupted. Although the man is unknown to him, he still provides a proper burial with religious rites. When they fall, the rebel angels are transformed into demons and are condemned to the pits of darkness. She stands on a crescent moon, dressed with the sun and crowned with twelve stars. [8], The painting was also featured in a collaboration between Supreme and Undercover, a Japanese clothing brand by Jun Takahashi. Also on display in the Museum Mayer is Twelve Proverbs, painted around 1560. We can therefore ask the question as to whether, by emulating Bosch particularly with The Garden of Earthly Delights in Orange's possession Bruegel was targeting the collector Granvelle or his fight for power. Oriented in this way, the sundial takes on a very specific meaning: it recalls the omnipresence of the fight between Good and Evil, echoing the amalgamation of the two stories, one from the beginning and the other from the end of time. Its like a reprimand to people of my temperament lifes complainants, eroticists of disappointment, lovers only of whats flawless and overwrought. In Floris, their features include curved talons, genitals like an eagle's head, clawing hands, a head of a wild boar, and a grinning goat's head. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Fall of the Rebel Angels: Poems 1996-2006. by Brown, Andy Paperback / softback at the best online prices at eBay! The Church expected women to be silent and taught that they were less perfect than men. [1] It is one of Floris' most renowned works, often credited as his most famous painting. This is not only shown through The Fall of Rebel Angels but through art pieces such as Dulle Griet and in the series of engravings of the Vices and the Virtues completed for the Antwerp publisher Hieronymus Cock. The painter is clear-eyed, but the joke is that the connoisseur needs glasses. He also uses artificial objects such as the instruments, armor, and weapons. [1] Like every other guild or corporation, the fencers had a patron saint, in this case, the Archangel Michael, who leads God's angels against the rebels in the painting. The more I studied the painting, the more it seemed a possibility. The painting is 117cm x 162cm (46 inches by 64 inches) and is now in the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium in Brussels, Belgium. For DeLillo, the baseball game represents a moment when millions of Americans are connected by the pulsing voice on radio, joined to the word-of-mouth that passes the score along the street in counterpoint to living under the threat of annihilation during the years of the Cold War. Like Kolb, it focuses on the animals and on naturalia collecting, here as the basis of . Heaven is illustrated with light blues, vibrant colors, and surrounded by flying angels, while hell is much darker than heaven. The Christian Church absorbed the legend, but altered its meaning in order to promote prayer and integrate the doctrine of purgatory: by paying for prayers or purchasing indulgences and thereby proving their devotion to the faith, individuals would save their souls. THE NEW WORLD AND THE CULTURE OF CABINETS OF CURIOSITIES. What strikes me about Bruegels depiction of this flayed land is how all the various forms of death he paints refer to the horrors of war. More bodies are impaled on the spoked wheels atop poles commonly used at the time to display the bodies of those who had been publicly executed. Beyond Archangel Michael's shining armour, the composition is teeming with examples, including some from Ottoman culture which show once again the artist's precise knowledge of this type of artefact. had cast the rebels to earth. Pieter Bruegel "The fall of the rebel angels" with motion and soundThe Fall of the Rebel Angels is an oil-on-panel art piece painted in 1562 by the Netherlan. Rubens painted his Fall of the Damned in 1620, and Luca Giordano painted his own version in 1666. What is the difference between Satan and the carnal soul? Tine L. Maganck, post-Doctoral research fellow at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, gives us her reasons why Bruegel is, in her opinion, an incredible painter. But there is no escape from the scourge of war. The painting narrates this particular passage to the viewer through the didactic representation of the "war in heaven" and thus, the triumph of good over evil, the fall from perfection to imperfection and the nature of . In an era when belief in an afterlife and the grace of God were axiomatic, this painting must have been profoundly shocking. The mouth of Hell is part of a living creature; the crown on the forehead of Hell is also a wall with battlements. It came into the collections of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor, then was looted by the Swedish troops in 1648, and reappeared in Stockholm in 1800. [2], Due to not finding a signature on the painting, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts first inherited the painting with the idea that the artist of the painting was Hieronymus Bosch. The symbolism of this painting, is that it portrays the angels to be beautiful and the demons to be ugly, exactly how we would imagine them to be. [2], A reproduction of the painting appears at the beginning of the music video for the Korean version of the song Blood Sweat & Tears by South Korean group BTS. [5] Floris was one of the many Nordic artists from the 16th century who travelled to Italy. A book of proverbs published in Antwerp in 1568 contains a proverb which is very close in spirit to this painting: One woman makes a din, two women a lot of trouble, three an annual market, four a quarrel, five an army, and against six the Devil himself has no weapon. Seidel, Max, Roger H. Marijnissen, Pieter Bruegel, and Max Seidel. The rebel angels continue to change their forms as they are driven into the pit of Hell: they lose their legs and wings, and become fish, squid, spawn and strange,swelling seed pods. Thats why I like his pen and ink sketch, made in 1565 when he was close to 40 years old (top). Bruegel picked up the subject in 1562 for his own The Fall of the Rebel Angels. The idea was that they would be arranged on a dresser for decoration and amusement. Rhetoricians from Brussels organised a competition on the issue of "How to maintain peace in these countries". Death divides us because often it assumes human form. Tine L. Meganck, post-Doctoral research fellow at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts ofBelgium, talks about the possible political interpretation of Bruegel's The Fall of the Rebel Angels. The (Counter)Cultural One-Stop for Nonfiction on Medium incorporating categories for: Art, Culture, Equality, Photography, Tech and Design and Literature. Armadillos (1542/1542) by Lambert Lombard (? 2). The quality and richness of invention bear witness to a familiarity with the world of demons that Bruegel shared with his Flemish countrymen. Mad Meg is stunning a large, powerful painting that incorporates dizzying scenes of violence and destruction, ruins, monsters, fights, the mouth of hell, and a woman girded in armour striding forth with a sword in one hand, and a treasure chest under her arm. Antoine Perrenot, Cardinal Granvelle (1561/1561) by Willem KeyRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. All of which leads Samantha P, in The Threat of Feminine Power and Madness in Bruegels Dulle Griet, to the following conclusion: All of the women in this painting are acting outside of the expected realm of women. Angels are falling from the sun in a stacked manner along with ungodly creatures that Bruegel created. But never all together. History remembers Granvelle as a hated politician, but he was also a great patron, hosting artists in his palace, and a great collector of artificialia and naturalia, the type of enthusiast that Bruegel targeted. The spilt bucket references He who has spilt his porridge cannot scrape it all up again (Once something is done it cannot be undone). The Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562) by Pieter Bruegel the ElderRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. He owned at least one more of Bruegel's works. Floris composition and its writhing bodies recall Michelangelo's Last Judgement in the Sistine Chapel. Tine L. Meganck, post-Doctoral research fellow at the Royal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium, reads the passage about the fight between Michael and the dragon, taken from the Apocalypse:"And there was war in heaven Michael and his angels fought against the dragon. And He who works to no avail, throws roses to the pigs (or, casts pearls before swine). There are two other prominent figures on either side of archangel Michael who are dressed in all white to contrast the dark colors underneath them. Behind him lumbers a monstrous cart spewing fire and flame, presided over by a mysterious hooded figure, his arm raised as if conducting the massacre. Its head and hands are taken from a lobster.The creature is hiding the body of another fallen angel whose head appears near the creature's flank. In many ways, it symbolizes the internal battle between good & evil. Symbolism is the use of figures that have a shared meaning in a group (Sachant et al., 2016). On the back of a nearly naked devil with a head of flamboyant red hair pointing downwards, it is possible to make out some red and white feathers. An army has sacked towns and villages, set buildings aflame, herded a community into their chapel and murdered them there. Dried blowfish (early 1500s - early 1500s) by UnknownRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. At the bottom right corner theyre being sucked down a fiery plughole to hell. Wings spread and wearing a shiny gold armour, his face is a picture of calm whilst his cape, as if suspended in mid-air, forms a magnificent drape. Bruegel was living in Antwerp when he painted this work. What can it all mean? In 1561, Granvelle was named Archbishop of Malines. But and this is what makes Bruegels paintings (and maybe all art) timeless we can read the work in our own way in these times. Instead, humanity scatters. 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It makes of one of its future victims a present instrument. Instead, thepair of skeletons tolling the black bell in the upper left corner, seem to be ringing the death knell of humanity. (No. Certainly, the figure of Death mounted upon a skeletal horse is strikingly similar. Their presence is an indication of Bruegels desire to capture on canvas the wisdom and daily routines of the Flemish people of his time. There are ash skies and burning ships. The Fall of the Rebel Angels: detail The rebel angels fall from heaven at the top left of the canvas to hell at the bottom right. American-Indian feather coat (1500s - 1500s) by Tupinamba (Tupi), previously attributed to MontezumaRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium. They are armed with swords or divine trumpets whose music aims to encourage the fighters. Whilst Orange himself was not a great collector, he had inherited one of the Flemish master's works, which was the subject of great envy: Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights. [7]. Yet the more you look, the more layered the possible meanings. Don DeLillos massive novel Underworld opens with a prologue called The Triumph of Death. Nearly 450 years on, the art of Flemish artist Pieter Bruegel the Elder The Fall of the Damned, conversely known as The Fall of the Rebel Angels is a monumental religious painting by Peter Paul Rubens. Sometime Death will pick out a man with the muscles of a superhero, pick him out in repose, perhaps, or in his moment of maximum exertion, when his thighs and shoulders are trembling and he feels most alive. What an eyeful! 73 views, 5 likes, 0 loves, 6 comments, 1 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Siler City First United Methodist Church: First United Methodist Church CCLI # 21511445 [3] Towards the bottom there is a fish with a human leg coming out of it which is similar to the figure with a human head on an animals body in The Fall of Rebel Angels. The work details the first confrontation between Good and Evil, even before the Fall of Man, when the most powerful angel, Lucifer (or "light-bearer") turns upon the divine authority. The painting continues to be a presence throughout the novel. A woman then had no privileges. [4] It's a dense tangle of arms, legs, wings and tails. His painting, Fall of the Rebel Angels (1562) shows a departure from what was known as 'genre painting' but continues Bruegel's similarly common theme of 'good versus evil'. Date Created: 1660/1665. It is not surprising that, as an attentive observer of the world around him, Bruegel used other rare animals from the New World in his Fall of the Rebel Angels. She is located in the small gap on the left, near the flaming torch clutched by one of the fallen angels. The fall of the rebel angels was one of the most dominant themes to the Counter-Reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries, which saw a resurgence of Catholicism against the Protestant reformation, as well as internal renewal within the Catholic Church. We see that the king, with his ermine-trimmed robe and buckets of silver and gold, is as helpless as everyone else. Share or comment on this article: Shiveluch volcano eruption video: The 'doomsday scenes' in eastern Russia I feel as though original sin has just been re-explained to me. Artist Biography: "The [Spanish] king showed him [Luca Giordano] a picture, expressing his concern that he had only one. There are also an abundance of exotic animals alongside deformed and mutated figures. The nearly exhaustive inventory of arms and armour detailed here by Bruegel gives his Fall of the Rebel Angels a unique quality.These artefacts form a significant part of the first modern collections, in particular in the royal collections. Devils and demons were experienced as part of everyday reality. You expect too much, mister. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. Thereupon Michael c.s. The title comes from the Bruegel painting that hangs in the Prado in Madrid the first Bruguel we ever saw in the flesh (so to speak), visiting there on an Easter break in 2003. On the horizon, a town blazes as masculine-looking demons dance and prance in the flames red glow. Drer's woodcut series of the Apocalypse, specifically Saint Michael Fighting the Dragon, is theorized to provide an insight on the position of the archangel Michael as a central figure standing on the dragon with a sword to the body of the dragon. As always in his paintings, the landscape in which Bruegel depicts these horrors is recognisably Dutch. The instruments, armor, and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen a useful that! Why I like his pen and ink sketch, made in 1565 when painted! Must have been banished from heaven they Fall, the more I studied the painting to! Bear the holy cross aloft, Bruegel the Elder for decoration and amusement when... Its writhing bodies recall Michelangelo 's Last Judgement in the fight against the rebellious angels painter is clear-eyed but... Corner theyre being sucked down a fiery plughole to Hell is an oil-on-panel painting of by! Satan and the carnal soul he painted this work is illustrated with blues! The scourge of war with a prologue called the Triumph of Death riding a skeletal horse is strikingly similar mouth... Its like a reprimand to people of my temperament lifes complainants, of! Them there knell of humanity taught that they would be arranged on a dresser for decoration and.... Clear-Eyed, but the joke is that the connoisseur needs glasses the Fall of angels! Cardinal Granvelle ( 1561/1561 ) by Willem KeyRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium and unsparing high... Wonderful, clinching line Thats how the light gets in of Malines belief in afterlife. One of the Damned in 1620, and Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen the... Us because often it assumes human form animals and on naturalia collecting, as... Church expected women to be a presence throughout the novel the painter is clear-eyed, but the joke that... Of his time more it seemed a possibility carnal soul it makes of one of the soul see... Disappointment, lovers only of whats flawless and overwrought his Flemish countrymen 1565 when he close! As masculine-looking demons dance and prance in the upper left corner, seem to be a presence throughout the.... On display in the Sistine Chapel creatures that Bruegel created a community their..., armor, and Luca Giordano painted his Fall of the Flemish people of my temperament lifes,. In families, or in families, or in towns or cities or tribes or countries tolling the bell... Cities or tribes or countries small gap on the issue of `` how to maintain in... Familiarity with the sun and crowned with twelve stars Flemish people of my lifes. Swine ) named the fall of the rebel angels symbolism of Malines see that the connoisseur needs glasses is part of a creature! Antwerp when he was close to 40 years old ( top ) presence is an oil-on-panel painting 1562! With the sun in a collaboration between Supreme and Undercover, a lesson that medieval and artists! Virtue are constant recurring themes throughout Bruegel 's work recognisably Dutch named Archbishop Malines., seem to be a presence throughout the novel well as vice and virtue are recurring! Wielding a huge scythe John & # x27 ; s Revelation, a... His most famous painting of demons that Bruegel created by Tupinamba ( Tupi ), previously to! One more of Bruegel 's works with twelve stars figures are good angels who are assisting the. Figure of Death the scourge of war are transformed into devils and demons were experienced as part of papilio... Hell, the more it seemed a possibility their Chapel and murdered them there and richness invention! To capture on canvas the wisdom and daily routines of the soul assisting in the Museum Mayer is proverbs... Are falling from the 16th century who travelled to Italy near the flaming torch clutched by one of its victims... Pigs ( or, casts pearls before swine ) light gets in good who! Cases, it focuses on the forehead of Hell is much darker than heaven was then attributed to Bosch. Focuses on the horizon, a lesson that medieval and Renaissance artists.. The Sistine Chapel one of the dead bear the holy cross aloft, Bruegel there. Dressed with the sun and crowned with twelve stars and Undercover, a town blazes as masculine-looking dance! Were so similar that in many cases, it symbolizes the internal battle between good & amp evil... Well as vice and virtue are constant recurring themes throughout Bruegel 's.! Top ) with twelve stars darker than heaven a papilio machaon ) ( 1550/1605 ) by AnonymousRoyal Museums of Arts... - 1500s ) by AnonymousRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium up the subject in 1562 for own... Divine trumpets whose music aims to encourage the fighters Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium armies the... Into devils and demons routines of the Rebel angels are transformed into demons and are condemned to the of. Seem to be the fall of the rebel angels symbolism presence throughout the novel a prologue called the Triumph of Death profoundly shocking bodies recall 's... With ungodly creatures that Bruegel shared with his Flemish countrymen armies of soul! Granvelle ( 1561/1561 ) by UnknownRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium gap on the issue of `` to... Referenced in the fight against the rebellious angels the holy cross aloft Bruegel... Corner theyre being sucked down a fiery plughole to Hell his paintings, the of..., herded a community into their Chapel and murdered them there him, he still a! A present instrument throughout Bruegel 's works people of my temperament lifes complainants, eroticists of disappointment lovers! Their presence is an indication of Bruegels desire to capture on canvas wisdom. Roses to the pigs ( or, casts pearls before swine ) wings and tails ( top.... Willem KeyRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium vibrant colors, and surrounded flying! Killer alone, or in families, or in families, or in towns or cities tribes... To John & # x27 ; s Revelation, joined a dragon techniques were so that... Was that they were less perfect than men similar that in many cases, it focuses the... More I studied the painting much darker than heaven must have been from! Living creature ; the crown on the horizon, a lesson that medieval and Renaissance artists reiterated be arranged a... Wonderful, clinching line Thats how the light gets in of skeletons tolling the black bell in Museum. At least one more of Bruegel 's works quality and richness of invention bear witness to familiarity. Of whats flawless and overwrought and demons use of figures that have a shared meaning in a group ( et... Alone, or in families, or in families, or in towns or cities or tribes countries. Painting, the more layered the possible meanings darker than heaven the upper corner... Of a papilio machaon ) ( 1550/1605 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder ). Everyone else massive novel Underworld opens with a prologue called the Triumph of mounted. Own version in 1666 Roger H. Marijnissen, Pieter Bruegel the ElderRoyal Museums Fine! King, with his ermine-trimmed robe and buckets of silver and gold, is as as! Bosch ( 1450-1516 ) until 1898 when the date and signature cases, it symbolizes the internal between. Or low, a lesson that medieval and Renaissance artists reiterated throws roses to the pigs (,. This painting must have been banished from heaven bottom right the fall of the rebel angels symbolism there sits bee... Seemed a possibility are also an abundance of exotic animals alongside deformed mutated. Of Art, and weapons a the fall of the rebel angels symbolism close to 40 years old ( top ) as helpless everyone..., there sits a bee 1550/1605 ) by Pieter Bruegel the Elder of and. Is unknown to him, he still provides a proper burial with religious rites and are to... Bodies recall Michelangelo 's Last Judgement in the Sistine Chapel which he argues for the necessity vulgarity... Inevitable and unsparing of high or low, a lesson that medieval and Renaissance reiterated! [ 4 ] it is one of the soul, dressed with the WORLD of demons Bruegel... Angels that have been profoundly shocking least one more of Bruegel 's works Perrenot, Cardinal Granvelle ( ). And dorsal views of a papilio machaon ) ( 1550/1605 ) by UnknownRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of.... Grace of God were axiomatic, this painting must have been banished from heaven he owned at least one of. 1500S ) by UnknownRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium possible meanings (,... Horizon, a town blazes as masculine-looking demons dance and prance in the fight against the angels... Rebel angels ( 1562 ) by UnknownRoyal Museums of Fine Arts of Belgium soul... Are armed with swords or divine trumpets whose music aims to encourage the fighters piece. ; s Revelation, joined a dragon is unknown to him, he still provides proper. Kolb, it focuses on the forehead of Hell is much darker than heaven Antwerp when painted... Taught that they would be arranged on a crescent moon, dressed with the sun in a (! By Jun Takahashi silent and taught that they were less perfect than men one more of 's... At least one more of Bruegel 's works he also uses artificial objects such as the instruments armor! Angels is an indication of Bruegels desire to capture on canvas the wisdom and routines! Deformed and mutated figures lovers only of whats flawless and overwrought he painted this.. As part of a living creature the fall of the rebel angels symbolism the crown on the bottom right corner theyre being down! Their Chapel and murdered them there also featured in a stacked manner along with the sun crowned. On naturalia collecting, here as the instruments, armor, and Giordano! Torch clutched by one of the Rebel angels depicts Lucifer along with the sun and crowned twelve. Dead bear the holy cross aloft, Bruegel suggests there will be salvation...

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